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Hydrometers: Introduction

Hydrometers are essential measuring devices used to detect the specific gravity of material. Note that specific gravity or relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a material to the density of a reference liquid (e.g., water).

Interestingly, the invention of the hydrometer is credited to the famous philosopher Hypathia of Alexandria (370-415) and is based on Archimedes&#; principle, according to which a solid body submerged in a fluid is buoyed by force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. While the design of the hydrometer evolved over the centuries, with some advanced models developed by the French chemist Antoine Baumé (-) and the English scientist William Nicholson (-), the most common type today consists of a glass tube with a weighted bulb (with mercury or lead shot) and a scale (with different scales for different uses; American Petroleum Institute gravity for petroleum products, Plato scale for brewing, and Brix scale for wineries).

 

Types of Hydrometers

Hydrometers are invaluable tools used to measure relative density. Note that such instruments are calibrated for different applications, depending on the liquid tested. Here we should note that there is a wide variety of specific gravity tools:

• Lactometers: Lactometers or galactometers are measuring tools used to assess milk quality. Note that these instruments have a range of 1.025 to 1.035 g/ml.
• Saccharometers: Saccharometers measure the amount of sugar in a substance and are widely used in the brewery. Note that low levels of sugar make a solution less dense and cause the bulb to float higher.
• Alcoholometers: Alcoholometers (also known as Proof and Tralles meters) are popular meters used to assess alcoholic strength before and after fermentation. Their range varies between 0.98 and 1.12° specific gravity (SG).
• Urinometers: Urinometers are invaluable instruments used in urinalysis (e.g., to measure a patient&#;s hydration levels). Note that these hydrometers have a range from 1 to 1.06 °SG.
• Thermohydrometers: Thermohydrometers consist of a hydrometer and a thermometer and are ideal for assessing the density of petroleum products, a process in which the specimen is heated prior to analysis.
• Antifreeze testers: Antifreeze testers are tools used to measure the ratio of antifreeze to water depending on the season.
• Hydrometers for soil analysis: Hydrometers are also popular instruments for soil analysis, used when the grains are too small for sieve analysis. They can have a range of 0.995 to 1.038 °SG.
• Aquarium hydrometers: Hydrometers can also be used to assess the salinity of aquariums and terrariums.

 

Choosing a Hydrometer

With a wide range of products for sale, choosing a hydrometer can be a challenging task. Prospective buyers should consider three major aspects: requirements, specifications, and costs.

Requirements: As hydrometers can be employed in a variety of settings, users should refine their research and production goals. Here we should note that there are three types of hydrometers on the market. Triple scale hydrometers are the most popular and affordable units available. They are multi-functional tools that can measure the specific gravity (0.00-1.170), Brix/Balling scale, and potential alcohol. Thermohydrometers, on the other hand, are used to measure both specific gravity and temperature. Precision units are also available. Note that they can measure specific gravity on a small and accurate scale (e.g., 1.000-1.070, 1.060-1.130).

Specifications: Apart from the specific type, users should consider the materials used. Note that glass hydrometers may break easily, and paper scales might be less accurate. Hydrometers equipped with mercury require special considerations as mercury is more hazardous than other materials.

Total costs: Before purchasing a hydrometer, users should decide on a budget. Additional accessories, such as testing jars or graduated cylinders, should be considered. Note that some units come with a testing jar (jars with a wild base are preferred).

 

Best Hydrometers

From Baume meters used for liquids denser than water and salt hydrometers to Tralle hydrometers that assess the percentage of ethyl alcohol and thermohydrometers, prospective buyers can choose from a wide range of products. Based on different parameters and user reviews, here are the best hydrometers for sale.

1. Brewer&#;s Elite Hydrometer & Test Jar Combo

Brewer&#;s Elite Hydrometer & Test Jar Combo is an excellent hydrometer that comes with a 250 ml graduated cylinder, a storage case, a cleaning cloth, a brush, and a manual. Note that the unit has a triple scale: specific gravity (0.99-1.16), potential alcohol (0%-20%), and Brix Balling (0-35), which makes it suitable for numerous applications. With clear fonts and graduated color bands, measurements are easy to read and interpret, and alcohol by volume (ABV) is easy to calculate. With numerous features, this hydrometer is an affordable product ideal for making low-alcohol products, such as wine, beer, ale, and even kombucha at home.

2. E-Z RED SP101 Battery Hydrometer

E-Z RED SP101 Battery Hydrometer is a highly accurate battery hydrometer made of unbreakable plastic and rubber that can resist tough treatment. Note that the unit has a range of 1.100-1.300. With its rugged design, this hydrometer is an affordable meter, ideal for technicians to check the state of battery acid.

3. MEOMOU Hydrometer Alcohol Meter 0-200 &#; Proof Hydrometer Kit with Thermometer

MEOMOU Hydrometer Alcohol Meter 0-200 &#; Proof Hydrometer Kit with Thermometer is a great distillers hydrometer kit for assessing distilled spirits and high-alcohol liquor. With its practical thermometer (0&#;-230&#;) and conversion table, the unit gives accurate and clear readings, with a Proof measurement range of 0 to 200 and a Tralle measurement range of 0 to 100. Additionally, this hydrometer has a stable glass test jar, which is easy to clean (cleaning brush and cloth included).

4. LabStock Master Distillers Hydrometer Test Jar

LabStock Master Distillers Hydrometer Test Jar is ideal for anyone looking for a high-quality test jar. This product is suitable for high-proof liquids, and there are no graduations in order to facilitate quick readings. Note that the jar is made of Borosilicate glass and has a three-inch diameter base with three contact points to resist tipping. With an innovative design, this cylinder is an excellent addition to any hydrometer kit.

 

Hydrometers: Maintenance Tips

Hydrometers are invaluable instruments. Thus, it&#;s not surprising that proper use, maintenance, and storage are crucial to guarantee long and accurate use.

• Make sure to purchase a unit suitable for your production and research purposes. For example, Proof and Tralle units are designed for high ABV products, such as spirits (instead of beers and wines).
• Before using your hydrometer, consider calibration and even testing the unit with distilled water. Note that calibration can be performed by official organizations, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or any laboratory accredited by ISO/IEC . Additionally, hydrometers should conform to different standards established by different organizations (e.g., E-126 &#; Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Hydrometers).
• Handle glass and mercury units with care to prevent incidents.
• Always clean your unit to ensure accurate readings.
• Last but not least, safe storage and transportation are crucial.

Hydrometers: Conclusion

Hydrometers are invaluable meters used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. These instruments are used in various applications, such as a brewery, mechanics, and research, to determine the weight and concentration of different liquids. From urinometers to alcoholmeters, we should note that there are different hydrometers designed for different purposes.

Before purchasing a unit, however, prospective buyers should consider three major factors: requirements, specifications, and total costs. Note that the three main types of hydrometers available on the market are triple scale hydrometers, thermohydrometers, and precision hydrometers. Accuracy, materials used, and additional accessories are also essential factors to consider.

Pressure Washer Buyer's Guide

How to Pick the Perfect Pressure Washer

There are countless projects for a pressure washer, including a surprising number of uses around the home that you might not expect. You'll be amazed at how versatile they truly are.

No matter what task you'd like to use one for, it's essential to choose the right one for the job. Each type of power washer serves a different purpose, but with so many endless specs and features to compare, how do you decide on the right unit?

In this ultimate guide, we'll show you everything you need to know to confidently choose the perfect pressure washer for you.

 

 

Choosing the Right Pressure Washer

The first step for selecting a pressure washer is understanding what the most important terms mean and how to compare them. Then, you can determine which pressure washer grade is right for you. Please take a moment to review the chart below.

 

 

Understanding Our Language

Pounds per Square Inch (PSI) -
Water pressure is measured in PSI. The PSI rating is used to illustrate how much pressure is needed to remove the stain. The stronger the chemical bond - the more pressure you'll need to remove it.

 

Gallons Per Minute (GPM) -
Water flow is measured in GPM. The higher the GPM, the more surface area a pressure washer can clean in a minute. If Washer A has a 2GPM rating and Washer B has a 4GPM rating, Washer B will clean twice as quickly because it uses 2x as much water every minute for cleaning.

 

Cleaning Units -
The true test of a pressure washer is measured in Cleaning Units, also referred to as
cleaning speed. Imagine two streams of water under the same amount of pressure. The first stream contains twice the water as the second. As a result, it will clean twice as fast. You can calculate the CU by multiplying the PSI times the GPM. (PSI x GPM = CU).

 

Water Temperature -
When you get into the professional units, you have options for using hot or warm water, which can make a world of difference depending on the material you're cleaning. There's no shortage of uses for hot-water pressure washers. Using unheated water is standard across all pressure washers, but only some professional units are built for and capable of handling hot water.

 

Electric vs Gas-Powered Pressure Washers

Which is better? We get this question all the time, and here's the bottom line: You get what you pay for, and it all depends on your project expectations and desired usage.

Some homeowners enjoy using electric pressure washers because they are simple to use, are lighter, and easier to carry. You can store them in smaller spaces, there is nothing to maintain, and they are quieter than gas-powered units. However, even though the entry price of electric pressure washers might be lower for some units, so is their life expectancy across the board-a few hundred work hours. Electric pressure washers are designed to only be used occasionally and tossed when they break-not repaired. Plus, they require access to electricity and can only go as far as the extension cord.

Many more people choose a gas-powered pressure washer because they are much more powerful at all levels, they last much longer, and they can be repaired. If a separate part fails, like a pump, you can replace the pump and move on-almost anything on the unit's metal frame can be repaired or replaced. And, because it uses gasoline, you can take it anywhere the job is. Most semi-pro and professional models are gas-powered and can be custom-built to fit your needs.

 

If you are looking for more details, kindly visit hydro test chart.

 

Pressure Washers for Homeowners

You don't have to be a professional contractor to take pride in keeping your home and garden looking their best. Consumer-grade pressure washers are very affordable and are built for the DIY-enthusiast. You can choose between electric and gas-powered models.

Entry-level pressure washers are generally equipped with a consumer-grade engine and pump. These units are not designed to be used every day, but rather for the homeowner looking to wash their car weekly or to perform light periodic maintenance on their driveway, sidewalk, siding, fences, etc. As mentioned earlier, please consider the important differences between choosing an electric or gas-powered pressure washer in this category, as it will greatly impact the types of projects your machine will be capable of cleaning properly.

How to Pick a Pressure Washer for Homeowners

 

 

Pressure Washers for Contractors & Professionals

Semi-pro pressure washers bridge the gap between consumer and professional units. These units are generally equipped with either a professional pump and a consumer engine, or a professional engine and a consumer pump. The frames are usually pro-grade steel, the wheels are typically made from never-flat materials, and you also get much higher PSI, CFM, and CU options to choose from as well.

For folks who take home upkeep more seriously than just a chore, semi-pro pressure washers are for you. They are designed to handle frequent use so you can clean to your heart's content on a regular basis. At the semi-pro level, you also start to have options for customizing your setup and have an easier time using attachments or accessories like soap injectors or surface cleaners.

This is also the category that small-business owners should consider if the cost is important and their business is small but growing. For those interested in starting a pressure washing business, the semi-pro category offers professional pressure washers for a consumer price. For mature businesses that already have a fleet of employees and pressure washers, they have likely already upgraded to commercial-grade pressure washers, as seen in the next paragraph.

How to Pick a Pressure Washer for Professionals

 

 

Commercial/Industrial Pressure Washers

You may have noticed on the chart earlier that the low ends of the different grades have similar numbers. While the PSI, GPM, & CU may be similar, that's not what a professional pressure washer is about. It's about endurance, strength, and versatility.

Commercial-grade pressure washers are built with professional-grade materials from the top-down, meaning you can use a professional unit every day. If you do that with a consumer unit, the pump will burn out much faster. Professional units have pro-grade pumps and engines and can use hot, warm, and cold water. They are the only realistic choice for professionals, business owners, and most contractors. You'll also find the best features, accessories, and customization options in the market on these models. From wall-mount pressure washers that you find at car washes to truck-mounted and trailer-town pressure washers, we carry some of the best pro models available on the market today, some of which can be completely custom-built for your application.

How to Pick a Commercial Pressure Washer

 

 

Frequently Asked Questions

We've answered the most commonly asked questions our customers have about pressure washers, from startup tips to troubleshooting, oil changes, sizing spray tips, how to perform maintenance, connecting common attachments, and so much more. We recommend all new and experienced pressure washer owners read our Pressure Washer FAQs guide to get familiar with best practices. Please read for more detailed information.

 

 

Maintenance & Storage

Lost your owner's manual? Use our manual lookup tool. Maintaining your pressure washer regularly is the best thing you can do to ensure it has a long and productive life. We have many articles that help you properly maintain, store, and care for your pressure washer. As always, we recommend following the regular maintenance intervals listed in your owner's manual, because each unit has unique needs.

 

 

Attachments & Accessories

Pressure washers come with a variety of tools and attachments designed to make your cleaning faster, more efficient, and most importantly, easier. Why clean a driveway with the standard spray tip when you can save hours of work with the right attachments? From second-story cleaning to car washing attachments and more, as the saying goes, there's a tool (and a guide) for that.

 

 

Next Steps

At the end of the day, we want to give you the satisfaction of knowing you confidently chose the pressure washer you want and truly need, not just the first one available in front of you. The more you use a pressure washer, you'll learn there are a surprising number of uses for pressure washers that will keep you cleaning all summer long.

 

Please browse the rest of our How-To Library and read the many resources we have for you to get the most out of your pressure washer. As always, give us a call if you have more questions, and we'd be happy to assist you.

 

 

 

 

Pressure Washer Buyer's Guide Navigation

Main Guide | For Homeowners | For Professionals |
Commercial/Industrial | FAQs | 25+ Washing Ideas | Maintenance | Attachments & Accessories | Starting a Business |

By Jim O.

Pressure Washer Expert

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