Why is High Temperature Heat Pump Water Heater Better?

Heat pump water heaters require installation in locations that remain in the 40º'90ºF (4.4º'32.2ºC) range year-round and provide at least 1,000 cubic feet (28.3 cubic meters) of air space around the water heater. Air passing over the evaporator can be exhausted to the room or outdoors.

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Heat pump water heaters will not operate efficiently in a cold space since they tend to cool the space they are in.  Installing them in a space with excess heat, such as a furnace room, will increase their efficiency.

You can also install an air-source heat pump system that combines heating, cooling, and water heating. These combination systems pull their heat indoors from the outside air in the winter and from the inside air in the summer. Because they remove heat from the air, any type of air-source heat pump system works more efficiently in a warm climate.

Homeowners primarily install geothermal heat pumps -- which draw heat from the ground during the winter and from the indoor air during the summer -- for heating and cooling their homes. For water heating, you can add a desuperheater to a geothermal heat pump system. A desuperheater is a small, auxiliary heat exchanger that uses superheated gases from the heat pump's compressor to heat water. This hot water then circulates through a pipe to the storage water heater tank in the house.

Desuperheaters are also available for tankless or demand-type water heaters. In the summer, the desuperheater uses the excess heat that would otherwise be expelled to the ground. With frequent operation during the summer, the geothermal heat pump may provide the majority of your hot water needs.  

During the fall, winter, and spring -- when the desuperheater isn't producing as much excess heat -- you'll need to rely more on your storage or demand water heater. Some manufacturers also offer triple-function geothermal heat pump systems, which provide heating, cooling, and hot water. They use a separate heat exchanger to meet all of a household's hot water needs.

Homeowners typically spend up to 20 percent of household energy use on water heating, making it the second-highest driver of energy expenses after heating and cooling. Using up to 70% less energy than traditional gas systems, ENERGY STAR certified heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) are the most energy-efficient water heating technology available to homeowners looking to cut energy costs and boost energy savings.  

As the name suggests, the efficiency of HPWHs is made possible by heat pump technology, which leverages warm indoor air to heat water for your household. This use of warm indoor air often leaves homeowners concerned that HPWHs will make their homes colder, particularly in the winter, when household heating needs are high and, in turn, increase overall energy costs. 

ENERGY STAR experts dive into the research to help bust these myths: 

Summary: 

Myth 1: Heat pump water heaters freeze your basement.

Fact: HPWHs do not cause extreme temperature drops in your home. On average, HPWHs reduce room temperature by 2.3° F and go largely unnoticed by homeowners, even in the winter.

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Myth 2: HPWHs increase the cost of heating your home in the winter.

Fact: Energy and cost savings of using a HPWH are found to offset any additional whole-home heating costs during winter months.

Myth 3: HPWHs won't work in cold climates.

Fact: Advances in heat pump technology enable HPWHs to be cost-effective and energy-efficient even in cold climates.

Myth 1: Heat Pump Water Heaters Freeze Your Basement.

Fact Check: HPWHs are found to drive minimal temperature reductions (average of 2.3 ° F) and go largely unnoticed by homeowners who report indifference to temperature changes in both winter and summer seasons. 
 

A Slipstream study evaluated temperature shifts, customer satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness for 81 households with basement HPWH systems. On average, HPWHs drove minimal temperature reductions of 2.3° F. Temperature drops were also found to return to normal within 4 hours of system operation. When assessing customer satisfaction, the majority of participating homeowners expressed indifference to temperature shifts during both the winter and summer seasons, suggesting that changes to basement room temperatures largely go unnoticed, even in the winter (See Figure 1).

Myth 2: HPWHs Increase the Cost of Heating Your Home in the Winter. 

Fact Check: HPWHs are shown to have no impact on whole-home energy consumption in the winter and were found to drive significant energy savings in the summer.  

A joint study conducted by the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCT) and The National Research Council compared the whole-home energy use for homes with and without a HPWH. Monitored under the same cold-weather conditions, researchers found that increases in heating loads were offset by HPWH energy savings and, as a result, did not impact whole-home heating costs. HPWHs were also observed to consume - Watts(W) less than a standard resistance water heater, resulting in household energy savings of 60% in the winter and summer months.

Myth 3: HPWHs Won't Work in Cold Climates. 

Fact Check: Technological advancements in heat pump technology enable HPWHs to be cost-effective and operate efficiently in very cold temperatures and are the preferred heating system of homeowners living in cold-weather regions such as Maine.

Modern HPWHs can operate efficiently in temperatures ranging from 35°F to 120°F. When temperatures drop below 35°F, the unit automatically switches from heat pump mode to electric resistance heating. Manufacturers recommend setting HPWHs to hybrid mode by default to optimize performance. Proper control settings are crucial for efficiency. These units can be installed in most locations suitable for standard water heaters, even in cold climate basements. HPWHs are 3-5 times more efficient than traditional water heaters, offering significant energy savings, especially in spaces consistently above 37°F.

Where can I learn more about ENERGY STAR certified heat pump water heaters? 

You can learn more about the benefits of installing an ENERGY STAR certified heat pump water heater and why it's a key element of an ENERGY STAR Home Upgrade, on our website. 

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