Thanks to evolving technologies, treatments for diseases of the heart, arteries, and veins could soon see improvements by way of the laser.

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For some cardiovascular patients, laser-based procedures have become the best, and perhaps only, option to relieve pain and restore function associated with many diseases of the heart, arteries, and veins. New wavelengths, more rugged setups, lower-cost systems, and other advancements are being combined with minimally invasive techniques. Such combinations often promise improved patient outcomes and lower overall cost of therapy.

One new laser approach for blood-flow-related ailments involves the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition in which plaque builds up within the arteries. The ailment, which causes narrowing or blocking of blood vessels, is more common in the legs than in the arms. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PAD occurs in about 25 percent of the population, with the percentage increasing as people age. In severe cases, the plaque buildup can completely block blood flow to a limb, such as the lower leg. Left untreated, such buildup can lead to tissue death, limb amputation, and poor prognosis.

&#;[Patients] had a very high mortality [rate] once they had an amputation,&#; said Dr. Athar Ansari, director of the California Heart and Vascular Clinic in El Centro, Calif.

A model of the heart, with the placement of a laser-beam-bearing probe showing where channels will be cut into heart muscle to alleviate heart pain (a). The diagram shows how the procedure is carried out, with an insert indicating treatment (b). Courtesy of CryoLife Inc.

Balloon angioplasty is a standard treatment option for PAD. With this technique, physicians maneuver a deflated balloon to the artery&#;s problem spot and then inflate it, thereby pushing the plaque aside. As part of the procedure, the surgeon may place a stent in the area to keep the artery open. Physicians may also use mechanical options, such as cutting, to clear the artery, or they may use lasers.

These approaches have suffered from several drawbacks, however &#; one being vessel trauma. Inflating a balloon, mechanically cutting away plaque, or using heat from a laser to remove an obstruction can all cause damage to the vessel being treated. The body&#;s healing response to the injury can then lead to scarring and possibly another partial or complete blockage, needing further intervention.

A second drawback is that these techniques require surgeons to thread a guide wire through the artery before the blood path can be cleared. Third, when a patient has a completely blocked artery, surgeons cannot perform any of these treatments on an outpatient basis. The only option becomes hospitalization, which is expensive and could potentially lead to infections in patients who are already in poor health.

To find a minimally invasive technique that offered better results in these difficult cases, Ansari took part a few years ago in the trial of a new laser-based device from Ra Medical Systems Inc. in Carlsbad, Calif. With a short-pulse-width ultraviolet source, the device&#;s novel approach offered important benefits. Ansari has since used the system to treat hundreds of cases of PAD.

&#;The beauty of this device is that it is nonthermal,&#; he said. &#;[And even] when there&#;s total occlusion, it causes minimal vessel trauma.&#;

Laser treatment of occluded popliteal (back of the knee) artery improved function quickly and significantly in a 67-year-old patient. Courtesy of Ra Medical Systems Inc.

In some instances, patients have been able to avoid expensive hospitalization. Many have even experienced health transformations, sometimes recovering physical abilities within days, for example. In a recent case, Ansari operated on an elderly man who had a complete peripheral artery blockage. Having suffered a stroke in the past, the patient was a poor candidate for surgery in a hospital. Using a nonthermal laser, Ansari created a channel for a guide wire, then inflated a balloon and inserted a stent.

Without the channel generated by photoablation, the alternative would have involved an ambulance trip because the patient&#;s condition would have required in-hospital surgery, hospitalization for several days, and possible associated complications. Performing the procedure on an outpatient basis eliminated these risks and avoided significant expense.

According to Ra Medical CEO Dean Irwin, the company started with a device that treated skin diseases, another area in which the company offers products. Ra Medical then adapted the same basic laser engine for vascular applications. The company also designed, developed, and built the solid-state excimer laser cavity used in its skin and vascular products, with the current version producing roughly 30-ns-wide pulses at a wavelength of 308 nm.

This wavelength breaks chemical bonds, so in the vascular application, occluding material such as plaque decomposes into its component parts. This reduces the risk of the plaque traveling elsewhere and causing further problems. At the same time, the 308-nm wavelength is long enough to avoid being mutagenic and potentially cancer-causing, Irwin said. Light at this wavelength can also be transmitted through water, an important feature for vascular applications. Finally, another significant benefit is achieved when the beam intensity exceeds a certain threshold.

&#;At fluences that exceed about 15 mJ per square millimeter, [the laser beam] is ablative, photochemically ablative,&#; Irwin said. &#;Interestingly enough, that photochemical ablation is nonthermal and nonmechanical.&#;

This photochemical process allows the system to remove a blockage while minimizing collateral damage, subsequently improving patient outcomes, he said.

The initial version of the technology weighed over 500 lbs, but Ra Medical engineers trimmed its weight fivefold. They also cut the cost of the system and made it more rugged and reliable. According to Irwin, the ability for the system to withstand vibration was important.

Cleared for use by the FDA in May , Ra Medical&#;s vascular products can treat peripheral arteries and veins. The company plans to launch studies on other potential coronary applications as well.

Another example of a cardiac laser therapy used to treat blood-flow-related conditions is transmyocardial revascularization (TMR). It&#;s used to treat angina, a type of pain in the chest caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart. With TMR, surgeons use a laser to create small channels through the wall of the lower left chamber of the heart. Although TMR&#;s exact therapeutic mechanism of action is unknown, several current theories exist as to why it works. These include reduction of symptoms caused by 1) disruption of function in pain fibers, 2) the creation of new channels, which increases blood flow to the heart tissue, and/or 3) the development of new capillary growth, which increases blood flow.

Many TMR systems &#; such as those from ForTec Medical in Hudson, Ohio &#; use a CO2 laser at a 10-µm wavelength. Studies by the company indicate that this approach yields better patient outcomes compared to other wavelengths, with investigators attributing the improved results to the interactions between laser and tissue that minimize the size of the heat-affected region beyond the channels, and therefore reduce trauma.

Obstruction of the popliteal artery below the knee (left). Improvement in obstruction after laser atherectomy (right). Courtesy of Dr. Eduardo Hernandez/Texas Heart Institute.

Other TMR systems use a holmium: YAG laser at 2.1 µm, such as the technologies developed by CryoLife Inc., based in Kennesaw, Ga. According to the company&#;s marketing manager, Corey Stewart, they opted for a solid-state laser with mid-IR emission because this combination enables rapid startup time; the laser offers simple, user-friendly touch pad controls; and there are no regulatory requirements for imaging the heart with this approach.

Regardless of the system used for treatment, patients who are best suited for cardiac laser therapy are those who experience chest pain from coronary artery disease because of damaged or diseased narrowed arteries. They may have already undergone multiple angioplasties and/or bypass operations. A study cited by CryoLife found that nearly 7 percent of all patients fall into the category of having no option for treatment because they have angina that is unlikely to be helped by medicine, stents, or surgical procedures.

Other studies have shown that the laser approach for angina is better than drug-based medical therapy alone, with laser-treated patients showing higher tolerance for exercise and improved quality of life, Stewart said. He added that laser-treated patients also have fewer cardiac-related return visits to the hospital.

According to Dr. Eduardo Hernandez, an interventional cardiologist in Houston who is affiliated with the Texas Heart Institute, lasers can be particularly useful in the treatment of occluded coronary and peripheral arteries. They are also often used for extracting pacemakers and leads to automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators, with the laser freeing the wires, he said.

Studies have shown that lasers can be particularly effective in treating obstructed or blocked stents. The body&#;s reaction to a foreign object, such as a stent, can lead to narrowing of the artery and to diminished blood flow from scar tissue that forms at or near the stent as part of the body&#;s healing response. This recurrence of abnormal narrowing of an artery after corrective surgery is known as restenosis. A process called laser atherectomy can remove stent-related scar tissue, addressing this problem.

&#;In the Excite ISR [in-stent restenosis] clinical trial,&#; Hernandez said, &#;laser atherectomy followed by balloon angioplasty was superior to balloon angioplasty alone at reducing recurrent obstruction and need for repeat procedures for obstructed stents.&#;

As these examples show, the use of a laser can be effective in treating blood-flow-related conditions, but additional research is needed. For instance, in the case of occlusive peripheral arterial disease, one current treatment uses balloon angioplasty to alleviate the obstructed artery, with employment of drug-coated balloons and stents to reduce recurrent obstructions of lower extremity arteries. Hernandez said larger studies are needed to see whether adding a laser or other plaque-removing devices to this drug-coated balloon approach will produce better results for reducing recurrence of the problem and for retreatment of the patient. These studies will provide information about which treatment to use and perhaps point the way toward other therapies.

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&#;This [information] will help clarify the role of debulking and plaque modification in occlusive peripheral arterial disease,&#; Hernandez said.

Lasers show both progress and promise as treatment options for blood-flow problems and, with continued research and development, could offer significant benefits. Ongoing studies are helping determine the best future roles for lasers in blood-flow therapy.

Source: https://www.photonics.com/Articles/The_Growing_Role_of_Lasers_in_Treatments_for/p1/v172/i/a

• Cardiovascular

  Mayo Clinic Q and A: New treatment to open blocked carotid artery

  Liza Torborg

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DEAR MAYO CLINIC: My husband has severe carotid stenosis. To lower his risk of a stroke, his health care provider recommended a procedure to open the blocked carotid artery. But then we learned that the procedure itself can put him at risk for a stroke. Are there other treatment options that don&#;t present a stroke risk?

ANSWER: Carotid stenosis is a common cause of stroke, so it&#;s crucial that your husband be treated for his condition. Traditional treatments for carotid stenosis can pose a small risk of triggering a stroke. There is a new treatment, however, called transcarotid arterial revascularization, or TCAR, that uses a different approach to opening a blocked carotid artery. The risk of a stroke during that procedure may be lower than it would be with other methods.

Carotid stenosis occurs when fatty deposits, or plaques, block the carotid arteries &#; the blood vessels that deliver blood to your brain and head. The blockage increases stroke risk. A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or significantly reduced. Stroke is the leading cause of permanent disability in the U.S.

Carotid stenosis is particularly dangerous because as plaque builds up inside a carotid artery, the plaque becomes increasingly unstable, and the plaque blockage bursts, releasing pieces of plaque into the bloodstream. Those pieces are carried up into the brain, where they can become lodged in a blood vessel and lead to a stroke.

Treatment for severe carotid stenosis involves eliminating the artery blockage. The most common way to do that is with a surgery called &#;carotid endarterectomy.&#; It&#;s performed by making an incision along the front of the neck, opening the carotid artery and removing the plaque.

If the blockage is too difficult to reach using surgery, or if a patient has other health conditions that make surgery too risky, another option is carotid angioplasty and stenting. For this procedure, a catheter with a tiny balloon at the tip is threaded through an artery in the groin up to the area of the clog. The balloon is inflated to widen the artery, pushing the plaque to the side, and a small wire mesh coil, called a stent, is inserted to keep the artery open.

During both procedures, there is a risk that a stroke could occur if, as the surgeon is working, plaque is dislodged and travels to the brain. During angioplasty, there&#;s also a risk that blood clots may form on the catheter or plaque may break loose and travel to the brain, possibly leading to a stroke.

The new TCAR technique is a hybrid of the two techniques. It involves making a tiny incision at the base of the neck and, from there, inserting a stent into the carotid artery. While the stent is being placed, blood flow through the carotid artery is reversed temporarily. This is accomplished by inserting a small device into the carotid artery that removes the blood and reroutes it to a vein in the leg via a circuit outside the body.

That external circuit contains a pump to move the blood and a filter to remove any plaque that may break free from the artery during the procedure. With TCAR, a stent can be placed to open the artery and relieve the blockage, while the brain is protected from any debris that could lead to a stroke.

Research has shown that the temporary reversal of blood flow during TCAR is safe. And the treatment has been shown to have a lower stroke risk than traditional stenting or surgery. Although it&#;s not the best option for everyone, TCAR can be an attractive treatment alternative for many people who have severe carotid stenosis and are at high risk for stroke. &#; Dr. Andrew Oldenburg, Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida

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